A halin yanzu kakar na ƙwayoyin cuta na numfashi Lokacin mura ya fara karfi a Spain da yawancin Turai, tare da karuwa a fili a lokuta da kuma sabon nau'in kwayar cutar da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa. A wannan yanayin, hukumomin lafiya sun sake jaddadawa mayar da hankali kan alluran rigakafiTunawa da cewa sun kasance kayan aiki mafi inganci don hana rikice-rikice masu tsanani, shigar da asibiti da mutuwa.
Tun daga lokacin 2021-2022, an ba da shawarar yin rigakafin haɗin gwiwa daga mura da COVID-19, amma don lokacin 2025-2026, Hukumar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a Hukumar ta zabi fitar da ka'idoji daban-daban na kowane kamuwa da cuta, la'akari da cewa yanayin cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan biyu ba iri ɗaya bane. Waɗannan jagororin, sun lura, za a daidaita su yayin da yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta ke tasowa.
Halin da ake ciki na mura a Spain da bambance-bambancen K
A cewar sabon rahoto daga Tsarin Kula da Cutar Cutar Cutar Cutar Cutar CutarA cikin mako na 17-23 ga Nuwamba, adadin cutar mura a matakin farko ya kai adadin 40,1 a cikin mazaunan 100.000, wanda tuni ya zarce matakin annoba a matakin ƙasa, kodayake akwai bambance-bambance tsakanin al'ummomin masu cin gashin kansu.
A cikin 2024 wannan kofa bai wuce ba har zuwa karshen Disamba, don haka wannan shekara a makonni da yawa a gaba a farkon lokacin mura. Bayanai daga Aragon, Madrid, Catalonia, da sauran yankuna suna nuni zuwa ga hanya guda: yaduwar kwayar cutar ta karu da wuri fiye da yadda aka saba, kuma ana sa ran kololuwar kamuwa da cuta a kusa da bukukuwan Kirsimeti.
Masana sun yi nuni ga abin da ake kira daban KTsarin H3N2, na cikin zuriyar H3N2, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu laifi a bayan wannan ci gaba. Wannan nau'in kwayar cutar tana tattara sauye-sauye da yawa waɗanda ke shafar yankin da ƙwayoyin rigakafi waɗanda ke toshe kamuwa da cuta ke aiki, suna haifar da kuɓuta kaɗan daga rigakafi da cututtukan da suka gabata suka haifar ko kuma ta hanyar rigakafin yanzu.
Masanin ilimin halittu Estanislao Nistal, farfesa a fannin ilmin halitta, ya yi bayanin cewa waɗannan sauye-sauyen suna sa cutar ta yi kama da nau'ikan da ke cikin allurar wannan kakar da kuma ƙara saurin kamuwa da ita. Japan, United Kingdom, da Arewacin Amurka Hakanan sun ba da rahoton karuwar da ba a saba gani ba a lokuta, daidai da abin da ke faruwa a Spain.
A kowane hali, bayyanar cututtuka na asibiti da wannan bambance-bambancen ya haifar ba su bambanta da na mura "na yau da kullum" ba: zazzaɓi mai zafi na fara farauta, ciwon tsoka da kai, bushewar tari da alamar gajiya. Jiyya ya kasance alama ce ta alama.Huta, ruwa mai kyau, da magani don kawar da zazzaɓi da rashin jin daɗi, sai dai idan likita ya bayyana musamman a cikin marasa lafiya masu haɗari.
Tasirin mura da dalilan yin rigakafin
Mura ba kawai damuwa ce ta hunturu ba. Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ta Carlos III Cibiyar Lafiya An kiyasta cewa tsakanin Oktoba 2024 da Mayu 2025, wannan cuta ta haifar da asibiti sama da 33.000, kusan shigar da ICU 1.800, da adadin adadin mutuwar a Spain. WaÉ—annan alkalumman sun nuna ainihin tasirin kamuwa da cuta akan tsarin kiwon lafiya da kuma mace-macen shekara-shekara.
Manufar kamfen na allurar kashi biyu ne: a gefe ɗaya, don ƙarfafawa kariya ga wadanda suka fi fuskantar matsaloli (tsofaffi, mutanen da ke fama da cututtuka na yau da kullum, mata masu juna biyu, da dai sauransu) kuma, a gefe guda, don rage matsa lamba kan kiwon lafiya a asibitoci, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da zamantakewa da kuma kiwon lafiya a cikin watanni mafi girma na yaduwar cutar.
Tsarin kwayoyin halitta na ƙwayoyin cuta na mura sau da yawa yana canzawa ta hanyar matakai na antigenic driftWaɗannan gyare-gyaren suna ba da damar ƙwayoyin cuta su tsere, aƙalla a wani ɓangare, kariyar da aka ƙirƙira ta cututtukan da suka gabata ko alurar riga kafi. Don haka ne hukumomi suka dage cewa ya zama dole sami kashi kowane kakarko da kun kamu da mura a shekarar da ta gabata.
Har ila yau, a cikin É—an gajeren lokaci matakin antibody Yawan lokuta da aka haifar bayan alurar riga kafi ko kamuwa da cuta na halitta yana raguwa. An tsara allurar rigakafin da ake yi kowace hunturu daidai don auna nau'ikan nau'ikan da ake tsammanin za su yadu sosai, ta yadda kariyar ta yi daidai da ainihin kwayar cutar.
Amintaccen rigakafi da matsayin ECDC
Amincewar rigakafi tambaya ce mai maimaitawa duk lokacin da aka fara yaƙin neman zaɓe. Game da mura, bayanan da aka tara a cikin shekaru da yawa sun nuna a ingantaccen bayanin tsaroKamar kowane magani, munanan halayen na iya faruwa, amma a mafi yawan lokuta suna da laushi da gajere.
Abubuwan da aka fi sani sun haɗa da kumburi da zafi a wurin allurar, ƙara ɗan ƙaramin zafin jiki, rashin ƙarfi na gaba ɗaya, ko ciwon tsoka. Wadannan alamomin yawanci suna bayyana a cikin 'yan sa'o'i na farko bayan allura. Ana aika su cikin sa'o'i 48 a kusan dukkan mutanen da aka yi wa allurar.
El Cibiyar Kariya da Kula da Cututtuka ta Turai (ECDC) Kwanan nan Tarayyar Turai ta buga sabuntawa ga mahimman saƙonta kan inganci, aminci, da kuma amfani da alluran rigakafi a cikin Tarayyar Turai. A cikin wannan takarda, hukumar ta sake nanata cewa rigakafin ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi inganci da kuma tsadar rayuwar jama'a, inda aka ceci rayuka miliyan 154 a duniya cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata.
A matakin Turai, ECDC ta jaddada cewa duk alluran rigakafin da aka ba da izini suna fuskantar tsauraran matakan tantancewa kafin amincewa. Da zarar a kasuwa, a ci gaba da saka idanu tare da haÉ—in gwiwar Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta Turaita hanyar nazarin zaman kanta da tsarin sanarwa wanda ke ba da izinin gano alamun haÉ—ari masu haÉ—ari da kuma nazarin su na gaskiya.
Bugu da ƙari, an haɗa bayanan sa ido kan cututtukan cututtuka don auna su ainihin tasirin maganin rigakafiYadda suke rage watsawa, hana barkewar cutar, da kuma taimakawa ayyana ƙungiyoyin da ya kamata a ba da fifiko da kuma lokacin da ya dace don sabunta hanyoyin rigakafin don amsa bullar sabbin bambance-bambancen. A cewar ECDC, ma'aunin haɗarin fa'ida na allurar rigakafin da ake samu a cikin EU yana da kyau a fili.
Wanene ya kamata a yi masa allurar rigakafin mura?
Don lokacin 2025-2026, hukumomin lafiya na Spain sun ayyana manyan ƙungiyoyin jama'a huɗu wanda aka ba da shawarar rigakafin mura musamman, bisa ga takardar Hukumar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a.
Ƙungiya ta farko ta ƙunshi mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin haɓaka rikitarwa daga mura. Wannan ya hada da wadanda shekarunsu suka kai 60 zuwa sama, yara masu shekaru 6 zuwa 59 watanni, da kuma mutanen da ke da shekaru 5 zuwa 59 tare da wasu abubuwan haɗari: mazaunan wuraren kulawa na dogon lokaci, marasa lafiya da ciwon sukari, rashin kiba, cututtuka na yau da kullum (na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, numfashi, koda, hepatic, neurological, da dai sauransu). kamar wadanda suke masu shan taba na yau da kullun.
Wannan rukunin ya haɗa da duk mata masu ciki da mata masu haihuwa, da kuma yara masu shekaru 5 zuwa 18, waɗanda ke karɓar dogon lokaci tare da acetylsalicylic acid, tun da haɗuwa da mura da wannan magani na iya ƙara haɗarin cutar Reye.
Ƙungiyar fifiko ta biyu ta ƙunshi ƙwararrun ayyuka masu mahimmanci ga al'umma: ma'aikatan da ke aiki a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da jin dadin jama'a, na jama'a da masu zaman kansu, da masu sana'a a cikin ayyuka masu mahimmanci na jama'a kamar masu kashe gobara ko membobin Jami'an Tsaro na Jiha.
Kashi na uku ya ƙunshi mutanen da, saboda halin da suke ciki, za su iya isar da mura ga mutane masu rauniWannan ya haɗa da masu ba da kulawa a gida, waɗanda ke zaune tare da majinyata masu haɗari, kuma musamman, masu kulawa na farko da mazaunan yara a ƙarƙashin watanni 6. Ana kuma ba da shawarar yin rigakafin ga ma'aikata da ɗalibai a cikin kiwon lafiya, kula da jama'a, da cibiyoyin yara, da kuma waɗanda ke aiki a cikin kantin magani.
A ƙarshe, hukumomi sun haɗa da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu haɗari, kamar ma'aikatan gandun daji da cibiyoyin ilimin yarada kuma wadanda suka kamu da sana’a ga dabbobi, saboda rawar da za su iya takawa wajen yada wasu kwayoyin cutar numfashi.
Jadawalin yakin, sashi da tasiri
An fara yakin rigakafin mura a yawancin yankuna tsakanin makon karshe na Satumba da karshen Oktoba. Kowane yanki ya tsara tsarin kansa. nasu tsarin tsariDuk da haka, dukkansu suna kiyaye shawarar ci gaba da ba da alluran rigakafin har tsawon lokacin damina, ta yadda mutanen da ba a yi musu rigakafi ba su iya yin hakan.
GabaÉ—aya, ana gudanar da É—aya kashi daya a kowace kakarWannan kuma ya shafi yara tsakanin watanni 6 zuwa 59 ba tare da yanayin rashin lafiya ba waÉ—anda ake yi musu rigakafin a karon farko. Koyaya, jadawalin allurar rigakafi na iya bambanta ga wasu marasa lafiya da ke da takamaiman yanayi, don haka yana da kyau a bi shawarwarin kwararrun kiwon lafiya.
Kariya yana tasowa a hankali: amsawar rigakafi ta fara zama sananne daga makon farko bayan alurar riga kafi kuma ya kai matakin mafi kyau a kusan [lokacin da ya É“ace]. sati biyuDon haka ne masana suka dage cewa ya fi kyau a yi allurar riga-kafin kamuwa da cutar, duk da cewa yin allurar a lokacin kakar yana da amfani.
Duk da tserewar wani ɗan lokaci da nau'in K zai iya bayarwa game da nau'ikan da ke cikin allurar rigakafin wannan shekara, shaidun da ake da su sun nuna cewa rigakafin yana ci gaba da rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani, rikice-rikice da asibitoci, musamman a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu rauni. Tasiri kan kamuwa da cuta na iya raguwa Akwai rashin daidaituwa tsakanin kwayar cutar da allurar, amma kariya daga mafi munin lokuta ya kasance a manyan matakan.
Matakan da za su cika maganin
Alurar riga kafi ba shine kawai kayan aiki don hana yaduwar mura da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta na numfashi ba. Ma'aikatar Lafiya Yana ba da shawarar matakan matakan da, idan aka yi amfani da su akai-akai, suna taimakawa wajen rage cututtuka, musamman a wuraren da aka rufe da cunkoso.
WaÉ—annan jagororin sun haÉ—a da rufe baki da hanci lokacin yin tari ko atishawa, zai fi dacewa da ciki na gwiwar hannu ko tare da kyallen takarda masu amfani guda É—ayakuma a jefar da su nan take. Wanke hannu akai-akai, musamman bayan tari, atishawa, ko hura hanci, ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi inganci hanyoyin karya sarkar watsawa.
Idan alamu masu kama da mura sun bayyana-zazzabi, rashin lafiya, tari, cunkoso, ciwon tsoka—masana sun ba da shawarar iyakance lamba tare da sauran mutane gwargwadon iko. Yin amfani da abin rufe fuska yana da kyau duka ga mutanen da ke da alamun bayyanar cututtuka da kuma waɗanda ke cikin ƙungiyoyi masu haɗari kuma su je wurin da ke kewaye ko kuma cunkoso.
Hakanan ana ba da fifiko kan mahimmancin iskar da wuraren da aka rufe, wani abu mai sauƙi kamar buɗe tagogi akai-akai don sanyaya iska. Nisantar kusanci da marasa lafiya da rashin sake amfani da kyallen takarda sun cika wannan tsarin matakan, wanda, tare da allurar rigakafi, yana ba da gudummawa ga dauke da barkewar cutar da kuma kare mafi yawan masu rauni.
Martani daga al'ummomin masu cin gashin kansu: shari'ar Madrid
Haɓakar cututtukan mura ya haifar da yankuna da yawa don ƙarfafa tsarin su. A cikin Al'ummar Madrid, alal misali, gwamnatin yankin ta ba da damar Nurse Isabel Zendal don yiwa manya allurar rigakafin mura ba tare da wani alƙawari ba, bayan da yankin ya zarce matakin annoba tare da adadin masu cutar 42 a cikin 100.000 mazauna cikin mako na 47.
Wannan cibiya tana ba da alluran rigakafi daga Litinin zuwa Juma'a, daga 08:30 na safe zuwa 20:30 na yamma, kuma ta haɗu da wuraren yin rigakafi sama da 800 waɗanda tuni ke aiki. Wannan matakin zai ci gaba da kasancewa a wurin muddin yanayin cutar ya buƙaci, tare da manufar sauƙaƙe samun dama zuwa maganin alurar riga kafi da ƙara ɗaukar hoto a tsakanin ƙungiyoyi masu fifiko.
An fara kamfen din Madrid ne a ranar 15 ga Oktoba kuma tuni ya kai fiye da mutane biliyan 1,2Gwamnatin yankin ta tunatar da jama'a cewa rigakafin yana da mahimmanci musamman ga mutanen da suka haura shekaru 60, ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da jin dadin jama'a, marasa lafiya da ke fama da rashin lafiya, mata masu juna biyu, masu kula da marasa galihu, masu shan taba, da malamai a wuraren jinya da cibiyoyin ilimin yara. Ga waɗanda ke ƙasa da 18, ana samun allurar rigakafi a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya.
Baya ga jaddada rigakafi, gwamnatin yankin ta ba da shawarar cewa 'yan kasar su sanya abin rufe fuska a wuraren da jama'a ke rufe da kuma gaban masu rauni, tare da yin taka tsantsan. matakan tsabtace hannuAna rarraba wuraren allurar rigakafin a cikin cibiyar sadarwa ta farko, asibitocin Sabis na Lafiya na Madrid, da wuraren zama na tsofaffi da mutanen da ke da nakasa.
Mataimakin ma'aikatar lafiya ya jaddada cewa shirin da ake kira shirin hunturu An fara shirye-shiryen mura watanni a baya, tare da tsare-tsaren albarkatun É—an adam da ma'anar dabarun rigakafin. Majalisar tsaka-tsaki ta tsarin kula da lafiya ta kasa ta kuma yi tsokaci kan bukatar amincewa da shawarwarin gama gari don shawo kan cututtukan numfashi a matakin kasa.
Rashin son rigakafin rigakafi da fahimtar jama'a
Duk da shawarwarin hukuma, bincike ya nuna cewa wani muhimmin yanki na yawan jama'ar Spain yana kiyayewa shakka ko kin amincewa zuwa maganin mura. Wasu ƙididdiga sun sanya adadin mutanen da ba su da niyyar yin allurar a wannan kakar a kusan rabin, ko da a cikin yanayin da ake fama da kwayar cutar kwayar cuta kamar na yanzu.
Daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi yawan gardama akwai tsoron illar illaTunanin cewa "alurar rigakafin ba ta da amfani saboda har yanzu kuna iya kamuwa da cutar" ko kuma tunanin cewa mura cuta ce mai sauƙi wanda ba ta da izinin zuwa cibiyar kiwon lafiya. Wannan juriya yana ƙara gajiya da tarin yawa sakamakon cutar ta COVID-19 da kuma wasu rashin yarda da cibiyoyi.
Kwarewar kasa da kasa tana nuna irin wannan tsari. Nazarin baya-bayan nan sun gano ƙarancin yarda da za a yi wa rigakafin COVID-19 a wasu ƙungiyoyi, kamar matasa, ƙungiyoyi masu karamin karfi, ko tsiraru waɗanda suka fuskanci wariya a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya. Ko da yake mahallin sun bambanta, waɗannan sauye-sauye suna taimakawa wajen fahimtar dalilin da ya sa Calo con más facil saƙon abin rufe fuska yana da mahimmanci fiye da na allurar rigakafi, ko da duka biyun suna cikin kunshin rigakafin iri ɗaya.
A Spain, al'ummomin masu cin gashin kansu sun fara mayar da martani ga wannan yanayin tare da takamaiman matakan: kamfen na ban mamaki wanda aka yi niyya a ƙayyadaddun ƙungiyoyin shekaru, ba da damar wuraren yin allurar rigakafi a ƙarshen mako, ko ƙarfafa bayanai a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da kafofin watsa labarai.
Masana sun jaddada cewa, ko da yake cututtuka na iya faruwa a cikin mutanen da aka yi wa alurar riga kafi, babban manufar rigakafin ita ce rage yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani, da bukatar asibiti, ko kuma mutuwa. Ka guje wa rikitarwa da sakamako masu illa A cikin marasa lafiya masu rauni, suna tunawa, shine ainihin dalilin duk waÉ—annan kamfen.
Alurar rigakafi, lafiyar jama'a da makomar yakin neman zabe
Kwarewar da aka tara cikin shekaru da yawa na shirye-shiryen rigakafi, musamman a lokacin bala'in da aka yi kwanan nan, ya ƙarfafa ra'ayin cewa alluran ginshiƙi ne na lafiyar jama'a. Ƙungiyoyi irin su ECDC da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya sun jaddada cewa tasirin su ya wuce kariya ga mutum ɗaya, yana ba da gudummawa ga garkuwar garken da rage yaduwar cututtuka masu haɗari.
Ci gaba da lura da tasirin rigakafin, haɗe tare da sa ido kan ƙwayoyin cuta, yana ba da izini lokaci-lokaci daidaita abubuwan rigakafiZaɓin mafi dacewa nau'ikan nau'ikan da dabarun juyawa lokacin da bambance-bambancen kamar K na H3N2 suka fito. Wannan dabarar ta shafi sauran shirye-shiryen rigakafi, kamar waɗanda aka ƙera don kariya daga cutar pneumococcus ko herpes zoster, waɗanda al'ummomi da yawa ke ƙarfafawa.
Haɗin yaƙin neman zaɓe, samun sauƙin shiga cibiyoyin rigakafin, da bayyananniyar saƙon tushen shaida zai zama mabuɗin inganta ƙimar ɗaukar hoto a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. A sa'i daya kuma, masana sun yi nuni da cewa, wajibi ne a magance matsalar shingen amana da kuma rashin fahimta, musamman a tsakanin kungiyoyin da ke da mafi munin damar shiga tsarin kiwon lafiya.
A cikin yanayin da mura ya isa makonni da yawa da suka gabata kuma ya kasance tare da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta na numfashi, allurar rigakafi - tare da matakan tsafta da alhakin amfani da abin rufe fuska - an kafa shi azaman babban kayan aiki don rage tasirin asibitoci, gidajen jinya da, a ƙarshe, akan rayuwar yau da kullun na jama'a.
